Progress Towards SDG 3.1 in Zambia: A Narrative Review of Maternal Mortality, Health System Challenges, and Policy Responses

Abstract

Introduction: Maternal mortality remains a critical public health challenge, particularly in low-resource settings such as Zambia in sub-Saharan Africa. This narrative review examines Zambia’s progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 (SDG 3.1), which aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 (SDG 3.1.1) and increase the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (SDG 3.1.2).  

Methods: Sources were drawn from peer-reviewed journals, WHO databases, and regional policy documents published between 2014 to 2025. Particular focus was placed on SDG 3.1 indicators, with comparative data from Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe.

Findings: Zambia has made significant progress towards reducing its maternal mortality ratio (SDG 3.1.1) and is projected to meet the target by 2030 with moderate effort. Zambia is ahead of its neighbours Tanzania (85%) and Zimbabwe (86%), but lags behind Malawi (96%). Targeted investments in skilled personnel and adolescent health education, as outlined in government-led frameworks such as The Seventh National Development Plan and The Zambia National Health Strategic Plan, are pivotal for improving maternal outcomes.

Conclusion: Zambia is on track to achieve SDG 3.1 by 2030; however, continued progress will depend upon sustained political commitment, health workforce investment, and expanded efforts in adolescent reproductive health.